Morris k sesay biography of albert einstein
The Morris and Adele Bergreen Albert Einstein Collection at Vassar College
By Ronald D. Patkus
Associate Director of the Library for Special Collections
One of the greatest waves of emigration from Germany occurred during the s, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party came to power. Nearly , citizens fled their homeland, where the specters of militarism and anti-Semitism loomed large.
Jews, artists, professors, and others sought toleration abroad, particularly in the United States. For these people the great difficulty of living a life in exile&#;even during the Depression&#;was preferable to the life that had taken shape in Germany after the collapse of the Weimar republic. It is estimated that approximately 12, intellectuals emigrated.1
Perhaps the most famous refugee scholar was Albert Einstein.
Einstein had left Germany late in to visit the California Institute of Technology, but shortly after his arrival in the United States Hitler was named Chancellor. The renowned scientist issued a statement in March of stating that he would not return to Germany; a few weeks later he resigned his position as Professor at the University of Berlin and member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences.2&#;At the time of his resignation, Einstein had ties to Caltech, Oxford, and the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton University.
He took up residence in Princeton later in Here he came into contact with other scholars, including several from Germany.3
One of the people Einstein got to know at Princeton was Otto Nathan. Nathan was an economist who had served as an advisor to the German government from to In he was a German delegate to the World Economic Conference, held in Geneva.
Like so many others, Nathan left Germany after Hitler&#;s rise to power. He came to the United States and taught at several institutions of higher learning, including Princeton (), New York University (), Vassar (), and Howard University (). Nathan also published a number of articles and books on economic subjects, such as&#;Nazi War Finance and Banking and The Nazi Economic System: Germany&#;s Mobilization for War.4
Einstein and Nathan had similar backgrounds and common interests, and a friendship quickly developed between them.
They began to correspond regularly, discussing a variety of issues and topics. After Nathan left Princeton in , they maintained close personal ties; for instance, Nathan played an important role by taking care of many of Einstein&#;s legal, financial and real estate matters. The two professors also collaborated on several social and political issues of the day.5&#;The great trust and confidence that Einstein felt for Nathan was expressed most clearly in his will of In this document Einstein named Nathan the sole executor of his estate, and further designated him a joint trustee, along with Helen Dukas, the scientist&#;s longtime secretary.
Einstein died in April, In the months and years following, Nathan devoted himself to the work of serving as Einstein&#;s executor.6&#;Much of Nathan&#;s energy during these years was directed toward business matters involving the estate, and along with Helen Dukas, he also tried to gather and preserve papers of Einstein that had been scattered.
Moreover, Nathan was intimately involved in negotiations to publish all of Einstein&#;s papers in a comprehensive way (an agreement to this effect was reached in with Princeton University Press). In Nathan and Dukas transferred responsibility for Einstein&#;s papers from the estate to the Jewish National and University Library in Jerusalem, and many materials were subsequently transferred to the Albert Einstein Archives which was launched at this institution.
At the time, however, not quite all of the original Einstein material in Nathan&#;s possession was sent to Jerusalem.
The executor retained many of the letters that Einstein had sent to him over the years, as well as photographs, books, and other items that had been given to him personally. Of course to aid scholarship copies of the letters were made and deposited in Jerusalem. Not long after this, Nathan decided to give his own personal collection of Einstein material to two close friends, Morris and Adele Bergreen.
* * *
Adele Naomi Gabel arrived at Vassar College in the fall of &#;A beautiful world awaited at Poughkeepsie,&#; she later wrote.7&#;While here, she majored in Political Science, but took courses in a variety of subjects.
Indeed, one of the great thrills for Adele at Vassar was the opportunity to encounter new disciplines, everything from Music to Optics and Spectroscopy. One of the courses she took outside of her major requirements was taught by Otto Nathan, then serving on the faculty of the Economics Department. The final two years of Adele&#;s stay at Vassar coincided with the two years that Nathan spent at the college.
Their acquaintance would later grow into a friendship.
Immediately after graduating from Vassar, Adele Gabel started at Yale Law School, and within just two years she had completed her law degree. She married Morris H. Bergreen, and together they started a family. In the early s the Bergreens together founded the law firm of Bergreen & Bergreen, with offices in New York.
The firm served clients all over the world, but also close to home. One person that the Bergreens occasionally gave legal assistance to was Adele&#;s former professor, Otto Nathan. Their relationship grew, and in his later years, Nathan held feelings of great warmth and gratitude toward the Bergreens. It was as an expression of these feelings that he decided to give to the Bergreens his own personal collection of Albert Einstein material.
A few years later, in , Nathan died in New York, at the age of
Nathan&#;s Einstein collection remained with the Bergreens for many years. It was carefully preserved, and parts of it were made available to the public from time to time, as when the American Museum of Natural History mounted a special Albert Einstein exhibition in Nevertheless the collection was not easily accessible.
Following the death of Morris in , Adele Bergreen began to consider the possibility of donating the collection to an interested institution. Discussions with Adele&#;s alma mater began in , and an outright gift was made in Today the gift is known as the Morris and Adele Bergreen Albert Einstein Collection.
* * *
Vassar&#;s Einstein collection is significant for a number of reasons.
In terms of extent, it represents a sizeable archive of material, composed of 76 letters written by Einstein, as well as other items he wrote or signed. The collection spans a long period of time, with the bulk of the materials dating from the early s up until Einstein&#;s death in (and other items date later than this).
There is great variety in the collection; though mainly composed of correspondence, it also includes manuscripts, ephemera, photographs, and books. Finally, one should note that the collection is also valuable because it has a clear focus: the common interests and activities of Einstein and Nathan.
The significance of the collection becomes even more apparent when one looks closely at the contents.8&#;The first series, or section, is made up of correspondence.
It is divided into four subseries: Letters of Einstein, Letters of Nathan, Letters of Elsa Einstein, and Letters of Others. The letters of Einstein himself are the most valuable part of the collection. Some letters are hand-written; others are typed. The vast majority (though not quite all) were written in German to Nathan. They concern a wide variety of topics, from the personal (invitations) to the financial (regarding the mortgage on Einstein&#;s house) to the legal (regarding Einstein&#;s will).
Many of these letters also discuss social and political issues of the day, such as the rise of Hitler and Stalin, and the fate of Jews in Europe. In July of , for instance, Einstein tells Nathan that &#;the developments in Europe are unspeakably horrible. The Lord God appears to have appointed the devil to be the chief clerk of it.&#; And in September of he writes, &#;The fate of European Jewry is terrifying.
What can possibly have survived?&#; Several letters written after the war touch upon Jewish affairs in America, and international politics.
Letters of others in the collection are also interesting. Those written by Nathan are usually either addressed to Einstein, or relate to him in some way.
Morris k sesay biography of albert einstein The first volume , published in , focuses on his five-and-a-half month trip to the Far East, Palestine, and Spain. The renowned scientist issued a statement in March of stating that he would not return to Germany; a few weeks later he resigned his position as Professor at the University of Berlin and member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences. Initial conditions of pre-inflation with Hilltop potential in loop quantum cosmology Mohd shahalam. Einstein had no knowledge of the U.Most are carbon copies. They frequently deal with financial or legal matters of Einstein, thus shedding light on how Nathan assisted in the management of the scientist&#;s affairs. Letters of Elsa Einstein (Einstein&#;s second wife) are all addressed to Nathan, and date from the early s. They are very personal in nature, and reveal the close ties that existed between Nathan and the Einstein family as a whole.
Apart from these examples, there are also letters written to Einstein by famous figures like Sigmund Freud, Charles Beard, and Felix Frankfurter.
The second series, composed of manuscripts and ephemera of Einstein, is small but has great variety.
Biography of albert einstein summary Their relationship grew, and in his later years, Nathan held feelings of great warmth and gratitude toward the Bergreens. After making his name with four scientific articles published in , he went on to win worldwide fame for his general theory of relativity and a Nobel Prize in for his explanation of the phenomenon known as the photoelectric effect. I will do it elegantly. The theory explains that space and time are actually connected, and Einstein called this joint structure space-time.One interesting item from the prewar period is a manuscript concerning the National Council of Jewish Women which ends with a call to help the Jewish people. There are also several notable documents from the postwar period, such as typescripts regarding U.S. relations with Russia; typescripts and manuscripts discussing war, atomic weapons, and politics; and a colorful peace petition, signed by Einstein and Henry Wallace.
Evidence of a more literary and sometimes playful Einstein is present here too; there are, for instance, a number of poems composed for various occasions, such as a friend&#;s birthday (probably Nathan).
The last series of the collection is comprised of photographs. They are subdivided into signed photos and unsigned photos. Some of these are original photos given to, or obtained by Nathan, and others are reproductions of photos from other sources, such as the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC.
Some are oversized, and others are rather small.
Biography of thomas alva edison: Some of these are original photos given to, or obtained by Nathan, and others are reproductions of photos from other sources, such as the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC. Einstein later renounced his German citizenship and became a Swiss citizen at the dawn of the new century. In addition, the exhibition can be seen as a chance to reflect upon not only Albert Einstein and his contributions, but also on some of the key issues of his time, like war, peace, technology, friendship. The Lord God appears to have appointed the devil to be the chief clerk of it.
In any case, the photos show plainly how photogenic Einstein really was. Happily, the examples in the collection capture him at various times in his life (from childhood to old age) and on various occasions, both informal and formal. We are especially happy to have images of Einstein and Nathan walking together in an unidentified garden.
There are also wonderful images of Einstein taken by the famous photographer Philippe Halsmann. The informal shots of Einstein in this series are particularly charming; among them are photos of the scientist sailing in a boat on a lake, and sitting on his front porch, wearing big fluffy slippers.
In addition to these series, there are a number of books that are part of the collection, although they are housed separately in the rare book section of the library.
Most of them are monographs written by Einstein, and some are inscribed to Nathan. One example is Einstein&#;s book&#;The Evolution of Physics, which includes a brief but poignant note from Einstein to Nathan, dated &#;Dem lieben Freund Nathan in b&#;ser Zeit&#; (to my dear friend Nathan in an evil time).
Morris k sesay biography of albert einstein scientist This theory found that gravity, as well as motion, can affect time and space. Bergreen, and together they started a family. He taught that - "An unknown power called God helps people who believe in Him in times of trouble. A teacher 'Mikotsi' had started financial help knowing his position.Another example of an inscribed book is one by the famous Austrian physicist Hans&#;Thirring called Die Idee Der Relativit&#;tstheorie&#;(The Idea of the Theory of Relativity) which includes a longish inscription, in German, to Einstein as the &#;Author of the Theory.&#; This book also features Einstein&#;s personal bookplate on the front pastedown.
Yet another book in the collection worth noting is&#;Gelegentliches, published in Berlin in an edition of only copies to honor Einstein&#;s 50th birthday.
The strengths of the collection, described above, make it a wonderful source for both teaching and research, particularly at an institution like Vassar, which traditionally has emphasized the importance of primary sources in education.
In the short time that the collection has been housed in the library, it has already been used by both undergraduates at Vassar and outside researchers. Vassar students from a variety of departments and programs (German, History, Jewish Studies, Science, Technology and Society, etc.) can benefit greatly from the experience of examining unique sources like these.
Morris k sesay biography of albert einstein for kids They are very personal in nature, and reveal the close ties that existed between Nathan and the Einstein family as a whole. We have worked as daily newspaper reporters, major national magazine editors, and as editors-in-chief of regional media publications. He proved his deep faith in God and the Guru Mantra received by the teacher in the primary school. International Journal of Knowledge-Based Organizations,At the same time, the collection supports research and the investigation of new topics. We hope that it will be used by many in the months and years to come.
The current Library exhibition &#;Albert Einstein: Life and Letters,&#; may be viewed as an additional opportunity for learning. It commemorates the th anniversary of Einstein&#;s &#;annus mirabilis,&#; or &#;miraculous year,&#; (when he published three important articles in&#;Annalen der Physik) as well as the 50th anniversary of his death.
The material presented in the exhibition dates from to , though there is a special focus on letters from the period after It draws heavily on material from the Morris and Adele Bergreen Albert Einstein Collection, but also includes items from other parts of the library. In addition, there are a few items on loan from the Franklin D.
Roosevelt Presidential Library in Hyde Park, New York.
I would like to thank several people for their help with this exhibit.
First and foremost I would like to express appreciation to Adele Bergreen not only for her great kindness in donating the Einstein collection to Vassar, but also for her interest in teaching and research at this school. Sabrina Pape, Director of the Libraries, as usual lent support to the development of the exhibit and its associated programming.
It was a pleasure for me to work with faculty colleagues James Challey of the Science, Technology and Society Program and Elliott Schreiber of the German Studies Department. They both contributed a great amount of time to the development of the exhibit and its associated programming. It was a special joy to collaborate with Jessica Heckman and Rachel Anne Schles.
My colleagues in the Development Office, Jennifer Dahnert and John Mihaly, both contributed substantially to the programming which complements the exhibit. For help in arranging loans from the Roosevelt Presidential Library we are grateful to Cynthia Koch, Director; Robert Clark, Archivist; and Michelle Frauenberger, Registrar.
We hope to convey through the exhibit some sense of the great life and remarkable work of one of the twentieth century&#;s greatest thinkers.
In addition, the exhibition can be seen as a chance to reflect upon not only Albert Einstein and his contributions, but also on some of the key issues of his time, like war, peace, technology, friendship. It goes without saying that these issues remain relevant to us, the citizens of the twenty-first century.
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